G protein-coupled receptors in gastrointestinal physiology - IV. Neural regulation of gastrointestinal smooth muscle

G protein-coupled receptors receive many of the neural, hormonal, and paracrine inputs to gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle cells. This article examines the major G protein-coupled receptors, G proteins, and effecters that mediate responses to enteric neuromuscular transmitters. Excitatory transmitters primarily couple through G(q/11) and G(i)/G(o) proteins and elicit responses via formation of inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Several inhibitory transmitters couple through G(s) and activation of adenylyl cyclase. There are interesting examples, however, of inhibitory transmitters apparently using pathways regulated by G(q/11) to elicit responses by localized Ca2+ release and activation of Ca2+-dependent ion channels. G protein-coupled receptors may also be differentially expressed by smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells of Cajal, which may increase the diversity of responses and allow specialized innervation of GI muscle tissues.