Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: An Update

Simple Summary Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) has a dismal prognostic. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the mainstem options for patients with ATC. In selected cases with actionable genomic alterations or with favorable immune tumor microenvironment, new therapeutic options as targeted therapies and immunotherapy have led to better outcome and raised some hope for treatment of this deadly disease. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare and undifferentiated form of thyroid cancer. Its prognosis is poor: the median overall survival (OS) of patients varies from 4 to 10 months after diagnosis. However, a doubling of the OS time may be possible owing to a more systematic use of molecular tests for targeted therapies and integration of fast-track dedicated care pathways for these patients in tertiary centers. The diagnostic confirmation, if needed, requires an urgent biopsy reread by an expert pathologist with additional immunohistochemical and molecular analyses. Therapeutic management, defined in multidisciplinary meetings, respecting the patient's choice, must start within days following diagnosis. For localized disease diagnosed after primary surgical treatment, adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy is recommended. In the event of locally advanced or metastatic disease, the prognosis is very poor. Treatment should then involve chemotherapy or targeted therapy and decompressive cervical radiotherapy. Here we will review current knowledge on ATC and provide perspectives to improve the management of this deadly disease.