Comparative analysis of conventional to biomass-derived adsorbent for wastewater treatment: a review

Water resources are of crucial significance to mutually ecosystem and human developments. Growing ecological toxic waste from industry like metallic ion presents in metal coating, mining, tanneries, etc. These are non-biodegradable and tend to accrue in living creatures triggering disorders. Numerous production units as dye, textile, paper, and plastics utilize dyes to shade their products and utilize significant quantities of water. Therefore, they produce a substantial quantity of effluent. The existence of little quantity of dyes (less than 1 ppm) is extremely noticeable. Consequently, to deal with the poisonous effluents before being expelled into the waterbodies, numerous physico-chemical techniques like coagulation/flocculation are accessible for eradication. Foremost disadvantages of these techniques are high sludge creation, processing and removal difficulties, high cost, etc. Additionally, cost-efficient and ecologically perfect management for effluents is needed. Adsorption is one of the most effective and economical approaches to handle effluents. Adsorbents are presently employed which are by-products from agriculture and industries, which comprise seaweeds, bacteria, crab shells, and agricultural products such as wool, rice, straw, coconut husks, and waste tea leaves. Sorption/biosorption using low-cost sorbents could be techno-economically feasible for the treatment of effluents. Low-cost sorbents are nothing but materials that are plentiful in the environment or are by-products or waste material from another industry. Due to effectiveness of sorption, various adsorbents have been developed and categorized as conventional and non-conventional adsorbents. To investigate the effectiveness of both categories, this review will be aided because it shows the comparative study of the removal efficiency, adsorption capacity, and techno-economical aspects of both sorbent classes.