Lead Tungstate and Silicon Photomultipliers for Transmission Z-Spectroscopy in Cargo Inspection Systems

The bremsstrahlung X-ray spectrum in high-energy, high-intensity X-ray cargo inspection systems is attenuated and modified by cargo materials depending on the cargo atomic number (Z). Spectroscopy of transmitted x rays is thus useful to measure the approximate Z of the cargo. Due to the broad features of the energy spectrum, excellent energy resolution is not required. Such "Z-Spectroscopy" (Z-SPEC) is possible at low enough count rates. A statistical approach, Z-SCAN (Z-determination by Statistical Count-rate ANalysis), can also be used, complementing Z-SPEC at high count rates. Both approaches require fast X-ray detectors and fast digitizers. Z-SPEC, in particular, benefits from very fast scintillators, in order to avoid signal pile-up. Preferentially, Z-SPEC, Z-SCAN and cargo imaging are implemented in a single detector array to reduce system cost, weight, and complexity. To preserve good spatial resolution of the imaging subsystem, dense scintillators are required. Previously, we studied ZnO, BaF2 and PbWO4, as well as suitable photo-detectors, read-out electronics and digitizers. ZnO is not suitable because it self-absorbs its scintillation light. BaF2 emits in the UV, either requiring fast wavelength shifters or UV-sensitive solid state read-out devices, and it also has a long decay time component. PbWO4 is currently the most attractive choice because it does not have these problems, but it is significantly slower and has low light output. There is thus a need for alternative fast high-density scintillators that emit visible light. Alternatively, there is a need for a fast solid-state read-out device that is sensitive to UV light for use with BaF2, or other UV-emitting scintillators. Here, we present results of tests performed with PbWO4 crystals, reflector materials and silicon photomultipliers. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.