Eustachian Tube;
Dilatation;
Ear Diseases;
Surveys And Questionnaires;
United Kingdom;
Consultants;
DYSFUNCTION;
DILATION;
TUBOPLASTY;
MANAGEMENT;
D O I:
10.1017/S0022215119002561
中图分类号:
R76 [耳鼻咽喉科学];
学科分类号:
100213 ;
摘要:
Objective To explore the opinions of the UK consultant body on endoscopic Eustachian tube balloon dilatation in the context of Eustachian tube dysfunction. Method A 10-question online survey was distributed to ENT consultants currently practising in the UK (July-September 2018). Results A total of 137 ENT consultants responded. Twenty-three per cent reported experience of Eustachian tube balloon dilatation, with a further 10 per cent planning to start performing the procedure. Of those performing the procedure, 16 per cent had more than two years' experience. Thirty-two per cent were performing zero to five procedures a year. Eustachian tube balloon dilatation was primarily conducted to treat Eustachian tube dysfunction symptoms, as well as retraction pockets, baro-challenge-induced Eustachian tube dysfunction and otitis media with effusion. The most common reason for not undertaking Eustachian tube balloon dilatation was insufficient evidence of efficacy (65 per cent). Seventy-two per cent of consultants thought that creating a national database for audit and monitoring purposes would benefit the specialty. Conclusion The majority of UK ENT consultants do not practise Eustachian tube balloon dilatation, citing a lack of high-level evidence to support its use. A national database for auditing and research could facilitate the creation of guidelines.
机构:
Weill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Anand, Vijay
;
Poe, Dennis
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Boston Childrens Hosp, Dept Otolaryngol & Commun Enhancement, BCH 3129,300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Poe, Dennis
;
Dean, Marc
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Texas Healthcare PLLC, Ft Worth, TX USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Dean, Marc
;
Roberts, William
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, South Pk Locat, Charlotte, NC USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Roberts, William
;
Stolovitzky, Pablo
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
ENT Georgia, Atlanta, GA USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Stolovitzky, Pablo
;
Hoffmann, Karen
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Piedmont Ear Nose & Throat & Related Allergy, Atlanta, GA USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Hoffmann, Karen
;
Nachlas, Nathan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
ENT South Florida, Boca Raton, FL USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Nachlas, Nathan
;
Light, Joshua
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
ENT South Florida, Boynton Beach, FL USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Light, Joshua
;
Widick, Mark
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
ENT South Florida, Boca Raton, FL USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Widick, Mark
;
Sugrue, John
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
ENT & Allergy Associates LLP, Port Jefferson, NY USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Sugrue, John
;
Elliott, C. Layton
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Mem Hosp, Witham Hlth Serv, Lebanon, IN USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Elliott, C. Layton
;
Rosenberg, Seth
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Florida Ear & Sinus Ctr, Sarasota, FL USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Rosenberg, Seth
;
Guillory, Paul
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Red River ENT Associates, Alexandria, LA USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Guillory, Paul
;
Brown, Neil
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Monona Clin, Meriter UnityPoint Hlth, Monona, WI USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Brown, Neil
;
Syms, Charles
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Ear Med Grp, San Antonio, TX USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Syms, Charles
;
Hilton, Christopher
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
HealthPartners Med Grp, St Paul, MN USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Hilton, Christopher
;
McElveen, John
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Carolina Ear & Hearing Clin, Raleigh, NC USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
McElveen, John
;
Singh, Ameet
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
George Washington Med Fac Associates, Div Otolaryngol, Washington, DC USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Singh, Ameet
;
Weiss, Raymond
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sinus Ctr South, Ocean Springs, MS USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Weiss, Raymond
;
Arriaga, Moises
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Louisiana State Univ, Hearing & Balance Ctr, Our Lady Lake Reg Med Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
Louisiana State Univ, Dept Otolaryngol, Div Otol Neurotol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Arriaga, Moises
;
Leopold, John
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Depuy Synthes, JNJ Med Devices, Raynham, MA USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
机构:
Sun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R ChinaSun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R China
Li, Yong-qi
;
Chen, Yu-bin
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R ChinaSun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R China
Chen, Yu-bin
;
Yin, Gen-di
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R ChinaSun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R China
Yin, Gen-di
;
Zeng, Xiang-li
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R ChinaSun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R China
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Meyer, Ted A.
;
O'Malley, Ellen M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Entellus Med Inc, Plymouth, MN USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
O'Malley, Ellen M.
;
Schlosser, Rodney J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Schlosser, Rodney J.
;
Soler, Zachary M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Soler, Zachary M.
;
Cai, Jason
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
North Amer Sci Associates NAMSA, Shanghai, Peoples R ChinaMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Cai, Jason
;
Hoy, Mark J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Hoy, Mark J.
;
Slater, Patrick W.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Austin Ear Clin, Austin, TX USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Slater, Patrick W.
;
Cutler, Jeffrey L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Colorado Sinus Inst, Denver, CO USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Cutler, Jeffrey L.
;
Simpson, Roger J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Ear Nose Throat & Sinus Clin LLC, North Platte, NE USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Simpson, Roger J.
;
Clark, Michael J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Donald Guthrie Fdn, Sayre, PA USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Clark, Michael J.
;
Rizk, Habib G.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Rizk, Habib G.
;
McRackan, Theodore R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
McRackan, Theodore R.
;
D'Esposito, Christopher F.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
D'Esposito, Christopher F.
;
Nguyen, Shaun A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
机构:
Weill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Anand, Vijay
;
Poe, Dennis
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Boston Childrens Hosp, Dept Otolaryngol & Commun Enhancement, BCH 3129,300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Poe, Dennis
;
Dean, Marc
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Texas Healthcare PLLC, Ft Worth, TX USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Dean, Marc
;
Roberts, William
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, South Pk Locat, Charlotte, NC USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Roberts, William
;
Stolovitzky, Pablo
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
ENT Georgia, Atlanta, GA USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Stolovitzky, Pablo
;
Hoffmann, Karen
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Piedmont Ear Nose & Throat & Related Allergy, Atlanta, GA USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Hoffmann, Karen
;
Nachlas, Nathan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
ENT South Florida, Boca Raton, FL USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Nachlas, Nathan
;
Light, Joshua
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
ENT South Florida, Boynton Beach, FL USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Light, Joshua
;
Widick, Mark
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
ENT South Florida, Boca Raton, FL USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Widick, Mark
;
Sugrue, John
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
ENT & Allergy Associates LLP, Port Jefferson, NY USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Sugrue, John
;
Elliott, C. Layton
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Mem Hosp, Witham Hlth Serv, Lebanon, IN USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Elliott, C. Layton
;
Rosenberg, Seth
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Florida Ear & Sinus Ctr, Sarasota, FL USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Rosenberg, Seth
;
Guillory, Paul
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Red River ENT Associates, Alexandria, LA USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Guillory, Paul
;
Brown, Neil
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Monona Clin, Meriter UnityPoint Hlth, Monona, WI USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Brown, Neil
;
Syms, Charles
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Ear Med Grp, San Antonio, TX USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Syms, Charles
;
Hilton, Christopher
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
HealthPartners Med Grp, St Paul, MN USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Hilton, Christopher
;
McElveen, John
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Carolina Ear & Hearing Clin, Raleigh, NC USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
McElveen, John
;
Singh, Ameet
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
George Washington Med Fac Associates, Div Otolaryngol, Washington, DC USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Singh, Ameet
;
Weiss, Raymond
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sinus Ctr South, Ocean Springs, MS USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Weiss, Raymond
;
Arriaga, Moises
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Louisiana State Univ, Hearing & Balance Ctr, Our Lady Lake Reg Med Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
Louisiana State Univ, Dept Otolaryngol, Div Otol Neurotol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
Arriaga, Moises
;
Leopold, John
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Depuy Synthes, JNJ Med Devices, Raynham, MA USAWeill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA
机构:
Sun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R ChinaSun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R China
Li, Yong-qi
;
Chen, Yu-bin
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R ChinaSun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R China
Chen, Yu-bin
;
Yin, Gen-di
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R ChinaSun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R China
Yin, Gen-di
;
Zeng, Xiang-li
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R ChinaSun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 3, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, Peoples R China
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Meyer, Ted A.
;
O'Malley, Ellen M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Entellus Med Inc, Plymouth, MN USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
O'Malley, Ellen M.
;
Schlosser, Rodney J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Schlosser, Rodney J.
;
Soler, Zachary M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Soler, Zachary M.
;
Cai, Jason
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
North Amer Sci Associates NAMSA, Shanghai, Peoples R ChinaMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Cai, Jason
;
Hoy, Mark J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Hoy, Mark J.
;
Slater, Patrick W.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Austin Ear Clin, Austin, TX USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Slater, Patrick W.
;
Cutler, Jeffrey L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Colorado Sinus Inst, Denver, CO USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Cutler, Jeffrey L.
;
Simpson, Roger J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Ear Nose Throat & Sinus Clin LLC, North Platte, NE USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Simpson, Roger J.
;
Clark, Michael J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Donald Guthrie Fdn, Sayre, PA USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Clark, Michael J.
;
Rizk, Habib G.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Rizk, Habib G.
;
McRackan, Theodore R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
McRackan, Theodore R.
;
D'Esposito, Christopher F.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
D'Esposito, Christopher F.
;
Nguyen, Shaun A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 135 Rutledge Ave,MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425 USA