A molecular phylogeny and a revised classification of the Mediterranean genus Anthemis s.I. (Compositae, Anthemideae) based on three molecular markers and micromorphological characters

A molecular phylogeny including c. 75% of all known species belonging to the closely related genera Anthemis and Cola (Compositae, Anthemideae) and based on nucleotide sequences from two plastid regions (psbA-troll and trnC-petN spacers) and one nuclear marker (ITS) is presented. The molecular analyses were supplemented by a multivariate analysis of 25 micromorphological and anatomical characters. The results show incongruences among plastid and nuclear marker sets, which indicate that hybridisation may have played an important role in the evolution of this morphologically diverse plant group. However, molecular and morphological data both support a sister-group relationship between four perennial species (A. calcarea, A. fruticulosa, A. marschalliana, A. trotzkiana) and the main clades of Cota and Anthemis. We propose segregation of these from Anthemis as a new genus, Archanthemis. With the exclusion of these four taxa, both the nrDNA and the cpDNA datasets support the monophyly of Anthemis. Further molecular and morphological evidence is provided for the generic independence of the genus Cola. The traditional infrageneric classifications of Anthemis and Cola are not entirely supported by the phylogenetic analyses as a picture of intense reticulate evolution among the different lineages emerges.