Optimization of dead-end membrane filtration to treat tunneling wastewater using the sustainable flux

The first object of this study is to confirm the feasibility of sustainable flux in a dead-end mode. The second object is to identify the performance of the MF system operating under sustainable flux and simultaneously using the sustainable flux as a control parameter to evaluate the effects of pre-coagulation via comparing the different operating conditions such as various ranges of the coagulant dose, various pH of the raw water, and comparing the effects of online coagulation with conventional coagulation conditions that with sedimentation. According to the experimental results, the feasibility of sustainable flux in dead- end microfiltration (DEMF) was confirmed. In addition, it was observed that the pH control was the most effective method to improve membrane performance compared with other strategies such as pre-coagulation, and sedimentation in case the raw water with preexistent high concentration metal ions. Relative long-term experiments also confirmed the feasibility of the sustainable flux and showed the importance of backwash to improve the membrane performance.