An Australian tuberous sclerosis cohort: Are surveillance guidelines being met?

Aim: This study aims to describe the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 45 Australian patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), to assess risk factors for intellectual disability, to compare patients with TSC1 and TSC2 mutations and to assess adherence to surveillance recommendations. Methods: Phenotypic features were recorded in 45 patients who fulfilled established criteria for a diagnosis of definite TSC. All patients underwent TSC1 and TSC2 sequencing and multiplex ligand probe amplification. Features were compared in patients with TSC1 mutations versus TSC2 mutations. Recent surveillance was recorded at the point of first contact. Surveillance adherence was compared in the adult and paediatric cohorts. Results: This cohort consisted of 31 children and 14 adults with definite TSC. The rates of TSC manifestations and TSC1 and TSC2 mutation detection rates were consistent with previous studies. There was a trend towards greater severity for patients with TSC2 mutations compared with their TSC1 counterparts, particularly for autistic spectrum disorder, but this did not reach statistical significance. The presence of seizures was shown to be a risk factor for intellectual disability (P < 0.001). Overall, 12/45 patients (27%) were not undergoing recommended surveillance at the point of first contact. Surveillance guidelines were being followed in 3/31 (11%) children compared with 9/14 (64%) adult patients (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of this TSC cohort were consistent with previous studies. Surveillance rates in adult patients were significantly lower than in paediatric patients. This highlights the need for patients with TSC to undergo a focussed transition into adult services.