Titanium oxide and chemical inhomogeneity in the atmosphere of the exoplanet WASP-189 b

被引：75

作者：

Prinoth, Bibiana ^{[1
]}

Hoeijmakers, H. Jens ^{[1
]}

Kitzmann, Daniel ^{[2
]}

Sandvik, Elin ^{[1
]}

Seidel, Julia, V ^{[3
,4
]}

Lendl, Monika ^{[3
]}

Borsato, Nicholas W. ^{[1
]}

Thorsbro, Brian ^{[1
]}

Anderson, David R. ^{[5
]}

Barrado, David ^{[6
]}

Kravchenko, Kateryna ^{[7
]}

Allart, Romain ^{[8
,9
]}

Bourrier, Vincent ^{[3
]}

Cegla, Heather M. ^{[5
,10
]}

Ehrenreich, David ^{[3
]}

Fisher, Chloe ^{[2
]}

Lovis, Christophe ^{[3
]}

Guzman-Mesa, Andrea ^{[2
]}

Grimm, Simon ^{[2
]}

Hooton, Matthew ^{[11
]}

Morris, Brett M. ^{[2
]}

Oreshenko, Maria ^{[12
]}

Pino, Lorenzo ^{[13
]}

Heng, Kevin ^{[2
,5
,14
]}

机构：

[1] Lund Univ, Dept Astron & Theoret Phys, Lund Observ, Lund, Sweden

[2] Univ Bern, Ctr Space & Habitabil, Bern, Switzerland

[3] Univ Geneva, Observ Astron, Versoix, Switzerland

[4] European Southern Observ, Santiago, Chile

[5] Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Astron & Astrophys Grp, Coventry, W Midlands, England

[6] ESAC, Ctr Astrobiol, Madrid, Spain

[7] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Garching, Germany

[8] Univ Montreal, Dept Phys, Montreal, PQ, Canada

[9] Univ Montreal, Inst Res Exoplanets, Montreal, PQ, Canada

[10] Univ Warwick, Ctr Exoplanets & Habitabil, Coventry, W Midlands, England

[11] Univ Bern, Phys Inst, Div Space Res & Planetary Sci, Bern, Switzerland

[12] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

[13] INAF Osservatorio Astrofis Arcetri, Florence, Italy

[14] Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Univ Observ Munich, Munich, Germany

来源：

NATURE ASTRONOMY | 2022年 / 6卷 / 04期

基金：

瑞士国家科学基金会; 欧洲研究理事会;

关键词：

MOLECULAR LINE LISTS; ORBITAL MOTION; GIANT PLANET; HOT JUPITERS; LIGHT CURVES; TRANSIT; SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRUM; SODIUM; PHASE;

D O I：

10.1038/s41550-021-01581-z

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

The temperature of an atmosphere decreases with increasing altitude, unless a shortwave absorber that causes a temperature inversion exists(1). Ozone plays this role in the Earth's atmosphere. In the atmospheres of highly irradiated exoplanets, the shortwave absorbers are predicted to be titanium oxide (TiO) and vanadium oxide (VO)(2). Detections of TiO and VO have been claimed using both low-(3-6) and high-(7) spectral-resolution observations, but subsequent observations have failed to confirm these claims(8-10) or overturned them(11-13). Here we report the unambiguous detection of TiO in the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-189 b(14) using high-resolution transmission spectroscopy. This detection is based on applying the cross-correlation technique(15) to many spectral lines of TiO from 460 to 690 nm. Moreover, we report detections of metals, including neutral and singly ionized iron and titanium, as well as chromium, magnesium, vanadium and manganese (Fe, Fe+, Ti, Ti+, Cr, Mg, V, Mn). The line positions of the detected species differ, which we interpret as a consequence of spatial gradients in their chemical abundances, such that they exist in different regions or dynamical regimes. This is direct observational evidence for the three-dimensional thermochemical stratification of an exoplanet atmosphere derived from high-resolution ground-based spectroscopy.

引用

页码：449 / +

页数：17

共 78 条

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