Dietary measures to prevent milk fever and ketosis in dairy cows

During the transition period the onset of lactation and the higher energy requirements of the growing foetus lead to a tremendous metabolic challenge. Endogenous regulation mechanisms must be activated in this time to manage the higher energy and mineral requirements. A failure of compensation can lead to metabolic diseases like milk fever and ketosis. The aetiology and risk factors for these diseases were investigated in various studies and prevention measures were developed. First of all a detailed description of the situation on the farm is necessary. Afterwards short-, medium-, and long-term measures can be implemented. The oral supplementation of calcium or injection of vitamin D-3 are part of the short-term interventions. The composition of the ration must be checked in the next step. Long term measures contain the feeding of a cation anion balanced diet and forages low in potassium. Farms with high ketosis prevalence can use glycoplastic substances as short-term measure to prevent animals from severe suffering. In the next step the body condition must be validated regularly to modify the ration composition according to body condition and performance of cows. Long-term measures in ketosis prevention are detailed analysis of feed ingredients and the implementation of a proper fertilizing- and harvesting-management on forage areas. Stress factors, diseases and housing conditions can interfere with the development of metabolic disorders. Therefore, a detailed investigation of on farm circumstances is absolutely essential. The stepwise implementation of management measures must be realized together with the farmer and monitored regularly.