Predictors of Primary Response to Biologic Treatment [Anti-TNF, Vedolizumab, and Ustekinumab] in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Basic Science to Clinical Practice

Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD]-ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease-are commonly treated with biologic drugs. However, only approximately two-thirds of patients have an initial response to these therapies. Personalised medicine has the potential to optimise efficacy, decrease the risk of adverse drug events, and reduce costs by establishing the most suitable therapy for a selected patient. Aim: The present study reviews the potential predictors of short-term primary response to biologic treatment, including not only anti-tumour necrosis factor [TNF] agents [such as infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab, and golimumab] but also vedolizumab and ustekinumab. Methods: We performed a systematic bibliographical search to identify studies investigating predictive factors of response to biologic therapy. Results: For anti-TNF agents, most of the evaluated factors have not demonstrated usefulness, and many others are still controversial. Thus, only a few factors may have a potential role in the prediction of the response, including disease behaviour/phenotype, disease severity, C-reactive protein, albumin, cytokine expression in serum, previous anti-TNF therapy, some proteomic markers, and some colorectal mucosa markers. For vedolizumab, the availability of useful predictive markers seems to be even lower, with only some factors showing a limited value, such as the expression of alpha 4 beta 7 integrin in blood, the faecal microbiota, some proteomic markers, and some colorectal mucosa markers. Finally, in the case of ustekinumab, no predictive factor has been reported yet to be helpful in clinical practice. Conclusion: In summary, currently no single marker fulfils all criteria for being an appropriate prognostic indicator of response to any biologic treatment in IBD.