Evaluation of the microbial risk reduction due to selective closure of the raw water intake before drinking water treatment

被引:36
作者
Astrom, J.
Petterson, S.
Bergstedt, O.
Pettersson, T. J. R.
Stenstrom, T. A.
机构
[1] Univ New S Wales, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Ctr Water & Waste Technol, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
[2] Goteborg Water, SE-42423 Gothenburg, Sweden
[3] Swedish Inst Infect Dis Control, Dept Parasitol Mycol Water & Environm Microbiol, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden
关键词
indicator organisms; infection risk; microbial barrier; pathogens; raw water; water management;
D O I
10.2166/wh.2007.139
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Short-term peaks in pathogen concentrations may increase the risks for waterborne diseases considerably. In this study the occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens in the river Gota alv at the raw water intake to Goteborg was evaluated and related to risk for drinking water consumption. About half of the 24 pathogen samples, taken during event and non-event conditions, were positive for at least one of the following: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, norovirus, enterovirus, Campylobacter and E. coli O157. Positive pathogen detects were often associated with heavy rainfalls and viruses with a sewage emergency discharge. The annualised probability of infection from this type of event was calculated from pathogen concentrations in a QMRA model. Given that the water intake is not closed, the risk given present water treatment seems to be acceptable for Giardia; however, it is at a borderline for Cryptosporidium and insufficient for noro- and enteroviruses. Present results emphasise the need for an appropriate intake regulation with respect to high pathogen loads, as the risk increases with time of exposure to pathogen contaminants. Rather than a threshold level on E. coli, reports on upstream microbial discharges are valuable for quick pathogen indications.
引用
收藏
页码:81 / 97
页数:17
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