Comparing treatment options for large vessel vasculitis

Introduction Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TAK) are the major forms of large vessel vasculitis (LVV). Glucocorticoids represent the cornerstone of LVV treatment, however, relapses and recurrences frequently occur when they are tapered or stopped, determining a prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids and a subsequent increased risk of glucocorticoid-related side effects. Therefore, conventional and biologic immunosuppressive drugs have been proposed to obtain a glucocorticoid-sparing effect. Areas covered We searched PubMed (R) using the keywords 'giant cell arteritis/drug therapy' and 'Takayasu Arteritis/drug therapy' OR 'Takayasu Arteritis/surgery' This review focuses on the management of LVV, based on the current evidence while highlighting the differences in terms of therapeutic management of TAK and GCA. Expert opinion Conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, such as methotrexate or azathioprine, are recommended in association to glucocorticoids for selected GCA and all TAK patients. Two randomized placebo-controlled trials recently demonstrated the efficacy of tocilizumab in reducing relapses and cumulative prednisone dosage in GCA patients with newly diagnosed or relapsing disease. Observational evidence and two small randomized controlled trials support the use of TNF-alpha inhibitors and tocilizumab as glucocorticoid-sparing agents in relapsing TAK, albeit high-quality evidence regarding the management of TAK is still lacking.