Ratchet effects in two-dimensional systems with a lateral periodic potential

Radiation-induced ratchet electric currents have been studied theoretically in graphene with a periodic noncentrosymmetric lateral potential. The ratchet current generated under normal incidence is shown to consist of two contributions; one of them is polarization independent and proportional to the energy relaxation time, and another is controlled solely by elastic-scattering processes and is sensitive to both the linear and circular polarization of radiation. Two realistic mechanisms of electron scattering in graphene are considered. For short-range defects, the ratchet current is helicity dependent, but independent of the direction of linear polarization. For the Coulomb impurity scattering, the ratchet current is forbidden for the radiation linearly polarized in the plane perpendicular to the lateral-potential modulation direction. For comparison, the ratchet currents in a quantum well with a lateral superlattice are calculated at low temperatures with allowance for the dependence of the momentum relaxation time on the electron energy.