Progression of battery storage technology considering safe and sustainable stationary application

Renewable energy is the most prominent sustainable rescue to satisfy the present-day increasing energy demand. Storage technology must also mature to complement its large-scale integration feasibility and mitigate inter-mittent, unpredictable, and unscheduled electricity sources. With the enhancement in technology and sustain -ability impact, battery energy storage systems are gaining popularity. The wide range of applications and their constraints are reviewed in this literature. Different models, such as system-resilient, planning, operational, etc., are analyzed in the present context. Application of BESS is restricted due to the temperature rise caused by heat production as it operates, which may eventually lead to fire hazards. The battery thermal model can be coupled with equivalent circuit model. Integrating electrical ECM with the thermal model involves estimating terminal voltage and current. In this work, evaluations and comparisons of different ECM are demonstrated, and their advantages and disadvantages are juxtaposed concerning the model's structural complexity, accuracy, simula-tion run time, and differential equations. However, the storage capacity of the battery fades over time. Therefore, this paper reviews various causes of deterioration and different battery degradation models. This is followed by inspecting multiple active, passive, and hybrid battery thermal management systems. A novel model is proposed to realize optimal scheduling in conjunction with spatiotemporal parasitic redressal. Further, with the under-standing of BTMS, the study attempts to correlate the safety issues related to BESS, earmarking some significant accidents through the root cause analysis. This work also highlights the abiding codes and standards. An inti-mately interconnected and explicable technological upliftment in the avenues mentioned above is leading India in the field of BESS, and a list of systems at an appreciable stage of development in India is presented towards the end.