Challenges and novel solution for wide-area protection due to renewable sources integration into smart grid: an extensive review

Wide-area protection and control (WAPAC) is a new technology in the smart grid system. The high penetration of wind farms in power systems is likely to have an adverse impact on the relay operation even if the short-circuit current in such systems decays rapidly due to crowbar resistance. By including various renewable sources, and information and communication technology components, the power grid will become more complex. Approaches based on wide-area monitoring system (WAMS) are developed to solve the current challenges of the future of high renewable resources penetration. This study provides the latest main components of the WAMS architecture and the innovation in WAPAC research development using phasor measurement units (PMUs). As the extensive article review in this area is given that show no solution until now for wide-area protection in case of high wind farm penetration. A new wide-area protection based on PMUs is deployed. The main concept is based on describing by differential equations the dynamic operation of the transmission lines. In case of faults, the equations become non-linear and become difficult to be solved. This is the first time to develop such an idea to identify the protected faulted zone and guarantees sustainability for the power flow.