Experiments on mixed convection in a vented differentially side-heated cavity filled with a coarse porous medium

This paper reports on an experimental study of mixed convection flow and heat transfer in a vented, differentially side-heated cubical cavity filled with a porous medium consisting of relatively large solid low-conductivity spheres. Rayleigh numbers and Reynolds numbers are varied over the ranges 6 x 10(6) < Ra < 7 x 10(7) and 240 < Re < 4250, respectively, for a fixed Prandtl number of Pr = 6.75, thus covering more than three decades in Richardson numbers Ri = Ra/(Re-2 Pr). Heat transfer measurements were combined with measurements of the velocity field (using particle image velocimetry) and the temperature field (using liquid crystal thermography) to better understand the dependence of the Nusselt number, Nu, on the Richardson number. We observed three different flow and heat transfer regimes depending on the Richardson number. For Ri < 10, the flow structure and the Nusselt number scaling are similar to those for the pure forced convection, i.e., the Nusselt number scales as Nu similar to Re-0.61 independent of Rayleigh number. For Ri > 40, natural convection dominates the flow in the vicinity of the heating wall. The Nusselt number becomes less sensitive to the Reynolds number and is mainly determined by the Rayleigh number. In the intermediate regime for 10 < Ri < 40, the upward directed natural convection flow at the heating wall competes with the downward directed forced flow leading to a minimum effective Nusselt number. A Nusselt number correlation is derived that is valid in the range 0.1 < Ri < 100 covering all three regimes. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.