Ti6Al4V orthopedic implant with biomimetic heterogeneous structure via 3D printing for improving osteogenesis

In nature, many natural porous tissues of animals or plants follow heterogeneous structures pattern. Including turtle back pattern, leaf veins, wood porous fiber and porous cancellous bone are classic hetero-geneous structures. In order to better design bionic microenvironment porous bone implants, herein, a bionic porous structure based on Voronoi-Thiessen diagram to create heterogeneous topology microen-vironment promoting bone regeneration were proposed. Porous structures with tunable heterogeneity were built and achieved by selective laser melting (SLM). The topology analysis revealed the introduce of heterogeneity brought wide pore size distribution and irregular topology. The mechanical and hydro-dynamics properties were predesigned and simulated by finite element analysis (FEA). The heterogeneity hardly influenced the overall strength, stiffness and permeability but the irregular stress and fluid shear rate distribution in FEA results indicated fluctuating local stiffness and permeability. In vitro and in vivo experimental results indicated that Quasi-homogeneous structure had irregular topology mimicking that of the natural bone structure and semi-heterogenous structure shown better osteogenesis. It is found that the scaffold heterogeneous microenvironment factors play important roles for bone regeneration, and which is crucial for the development of new orthopedic implants.(c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).