Synthesis of acridine-based DNA bis-intercalating agents

Methods for the synthesis of (N) under bar (1), (N) under bar (8)-bis(9-acridinyl)-(N) under bar (4)-(4-hydroxybenzyl)- spermidine and (N) under bar (1), (N) under bar (7)-(hydroxybenzyl)-bis-(3-aminopropyl)amine were investigated. Thus monocyanoethylation of 4-methoxybenzylamine followed by treatment with 4-chlorobutyronitrile gave the dinitrile (N) under bar-(2-cyanoethyl)-(N) under bar-(3-cyanopropyl)-4-methoxy-benzylamine. Subsequent in situ reduction with lithium aluminium hydride gave the corresponding diamine. Biscyanoethylation of 4-methoxybenzylamine with 2 mole of acrylonitrile followed by reduction yielded the diamine (N) under bar,(N) under bar -bis-(3-aminopropyl)-4-methoxybenzylamine. Both diamines reacted smoothly with 9-methoxyacridine to give the bis-(9-acridinyl) compounds 11 and 15 but with 4,5-dimethyl-9-methoxyacridine, the bis compound 16 was produced in only low yields. Demethylation of the dinitriles by a variety of approaches all failed to give the corresponding hydroxybenzyl derivatives. These studies yielded useful methylated tyrosine derivatives which could also be iodinated. This study has been useful for elucidating chemical methods needed for the synthesis of the desired tyrosine-based bis acridine compound and for alerting us to the need to synthesise a more labile protected tyrosine intermediate which will be easily deprotected to afford the desired tyrosine-based bis acridine compound.