Feasibility of mapping radioactive minerals in high background radiation areas using remote sensing techniques

This study investigates the utility of using remote sensing and geographic information system techniques to accurately infer the presence of radioactive minerals in a typical high background radiation area (HBRA) by analyzing spectral signatures of associated soil, rocks and vegetation. To accomplish this, both unsupervised (K-Means Clustering) and supervised classification techniques based on a maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) were applied to Landsat-8 Imager data from Mrima Hill on Kenya's south coast. The hill is surrounded by dense tropical forest and deeply weathered soils which are rich in Nb, Th, and rare earth elements. Due to high activity concentrations of 232Th (>8 times higher than the world average value for soil), the hill has been designated as a geogenic HBRA. Based on the underlying geological formations, four classifications of vegetation and two classifications of soil/rocks were established and used to indicate the presence of radioactive minerals in the area. Measurements of air-absorbed gamma dose-rates in the area were successfully used to validate these findings. The application of the MLC method on Landsat satellite data shows that this method can be used as a powerful tool to explore and improve radioactive minerals mapping in HBRAs, the overall classification accuracy of Landsat8 OLI data using botanical technique is 80% and the Kappa Coefficient is 0.6. The overall classification accuracy using soil/rocks spectral signatures is 91% and the Kappa Coefficient is 0.7. Finally, the study demonstrated the general utility of remote sensing techniques in radioactive mineral surveys as well as envi-ronmental radiological assessments, particularly in resource-constrained settings.