Scavenging of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)

Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) have evolved as the most primitive, oxygenic, plant-type photosynthetic organisms. Within a single prokaryotic cell, they have uniquely accommodated both oxygenic photosynthesis and aerobic respiration, which are known to produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide as inevitable byproducts. Two types of superoxide dismutase have been characterized in both N-2-fixing and non-N-2-fixing cyanobacteria, namely cytosolic iron-containing superoxide dismutase and thylakoid-bound manganese-containing superoxide dismutase. No qualitative differences between various cell types (vegetative cells, heterocysts) were found. In contrast to chloroplasts, most of the cyanobacterial species show catalatic activity. From two species the corresponding enzymes have been characterized as typical prokaryotic (bifunctional) catalase-peroxidases with homologies to cytochrome c peroxidases and ascorbate peroxidases. In addition to catalatic activity, some strains exhibit ascorbate peroxidase activity, but to dale there are no reports detailing purification and characterization. Cyanobacteria were found to contain low intracellular ascorbate concentrations (30-100 mu M) and 2-5 mM glutathione. Both monodehydroascorbate and glutathione reductase activities were detected in most species examined, whereas dehydroascorbate reductase activity was absent. The question as to whether a glutathione-ascorbate cycle exists in cyanobacteria cannot be answered at present.