Y Soft-Carbon-Coated, Free-Standing, Low-Defect, Hard-Carbon Anode To Achieve a 94% Initial Coulombic Efficiency for Sodium-Ion Batteries

被引:112
作者
He, Xiang-Xi [1 ]
Zhao, Jia-Hua [1 ]
Lai, Wei-Hong [2 ]
Li, Rongrong [1 ]
Yang, Zhuo [1 ]
Xu, Chun-mei [1 ]
Dai, Yingying [1 ]
Gao, Yun [1 ]
Liu, Xiao-Hao [1 ]
Li, Li [1 ]
Xu, Gang [1 ]
Qiao, Yun [1 ]
Chou, Shu-Lei [1 ,3 ]
Wu, Minghong [1 ]
机构
[1] Shanghai Univ, Sch Environm & Chem Engn, Shanghai 200444, Peoples R China
[2] Univ Wollongong, Inst Superconducting & Elect Mat, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
[3] Wenzhou Univ, Coll Chem & Mat Engn, Inst Carbon Neutralizat, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, Peoples R China
基金
中国国家自然科学基金;
关键词
hard carbon; soft carbon; spatial coating; sodium-ion batteries; sodium storage mechanism; IN-SITU; LI-INTERCALATION; RAMAN; STORAGE; GRAPHITE; GRAPHENE; SOOT;
D O I
10.1021/acsami.1c12171
中图分类号
TB3 [工程材料学];
学科分类号
0805 ; 080502 ;
摘要
Developing hard carbon with a high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and very good cycling stability is of great importance for practical sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Defects and oxygen-containing groups grown along either the carbon edges or the layers, however, are inevitable in hard carbon and can cause a tremendous density of irreversible Na+ sites, decreasing the efficiency and therefore causing failure of the battery. Thus, eliminating these unexpected defect structures is significant for enhancing the battery performance. Herein, we develop a strategy of applying a soft-carbon coating onto free-standing hard-carbon electrodes, which greatly hinders the formation of defects and oxygencontaining groups on hard carbon. The electrochemical results show that the soft-carbon-coated, free-standing hard-carbon electrodes can achieve an ultrahigh ICE of 94.1% and long cycling performance (99% capacity retention after 100 cycles at a current density of 20 mA g(-1)), demonstrating their great potential in practical sodium storage systems. The sodium storage mechanism was also investigated by operando Raman spectroscopy. Our sodium storage mechanism extends the "adsorption-intercalation-pore filling-deposition" model. We propose that the pore filling in the plateau area might be divided into two parts: (1) sodium could fill in the pores near the inner wall of the carbon layer; (2) when the sodium in the inner wall pores is close to saturation, the sodium could be further deposited onto the existing sodium.
引用
收藏
页码:44358 / 44368
页数:11
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