Can self-compassion improve sleep quality via reduced rumination?

Poor sleep quality is highly prevalent in modern societies and can be associated with a multitude of problems for individuals and organizations, and also for society at large. Thus, there is a demand for efficient treatments. We suggest that short self-compassion interventions will improve sleep quality via reducing ruminative thoughts, a key variable associated with poor sleep quality. We ran three studies to test this hypothesis. In Study 1 (correlational data), a positive relationship between self-compassion and sleep quality emerged in students' self-reports. This effect was mediated by rumination. In Study 2, students in two different self-compassion intervention conditions reported higher sleep quality compared to a control condition. Again, rumination mediated this effect. In Study 3, patients with major depressive disorder reported a significant increase in sleep quality and a significant decrease of ruminative thoughts after one week in a daily self-compassion intervention (compared to patients in a control condition). Limitations and implications for future research, such as the need of placebo control groups, objective sleep quality measures, and person-intervention fit designs are discussed.