Emergence of coexistence and limit cycles in the chemostat model with flocculation for a general class of functional responses

We consider a model of two microbial species in a chemostat competing for a single resource, involving the flocculation of the most competitive species which is present in two forms: isolated and attached. We first show that the model with one species and a non-monotonic growth rate of isolated bacteria may exhibit bi-stability and allows the appearance of unstable limit cycles through a sub-critical Hopf bifurcations due to the joined effect of inhibition and flocculation. We then show that the model with two species presents an even richer set of possible behaviors: coexistence, bi-stability and occurrence of stable limit cycles through a super-critical Hopf bifurcations. All these features cannot occur in the classical chemostat model, where generically at most one competitor can survive on a single resource. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.