Crystallization of amorphous bismuth titanate

We studied the transformation of amorphous bismuth titanate by heat treatments. After an as-quenched amorphous sample was annealed at 500 degreesC, the lowest Raman peak became intense like a boson peak for glass. This fact indicates the formation of intermediate range order. The medium range correlation length of 7 nm calculated from the boson peak frequency is in agreement with the mean cluster size measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The differential thermal analysis (DTA) shows the two-step crystallization at 608 and 830 degreesC on heating. It suggests the existence of a metastable state. The samples annealed at 770 and 1000 degreesC are identified as the pyroclore and the layered perovskite structures, respectively. It strongly suggests that at first a three-dimensional (3D) crystalline state appears by nucleation process from a 3D amorphous state and secondly it transforms into the pseudo-2D layered perovskite structure. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.