A novel approach for out-of-step protection based on Clarke's transformation and analytic geometry parameters

Out-of-step protection has been widely studied, and it remains an urgent topic on the field. Given the crucial modernization of the power systems and the evolution of protective relaying developments, it is crucial to merge from traditionally fixed parameters to novel approaches which allow flexibility and possible time-domain protection. This paper presents a new methodology to implement an out-of-step protection algorithm through the geometrical understanding of a power system oscillation using Clarke's theory. The study is an extension of a virtual relay solution previously developed and improves the Swing Center Voltage solution in the alpha-beta domain with better selectivity and enhancing the classification unstable and stable oscillation. The result brings a functional virtual relay capable of detecting and reacting under stable and unstable power swing events through playback techniques. The contribution of this study relies on the application of the time-domain approach to improving the function ANSI 78 as an extension of ongoing research on virtualization of power system protection and real-time prototyping.