Probing O-substituted nifuroxazide analogues against Leishmania: Synthesis, in vitro efficacy, and hit/lead identification

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people worldwide, with 650 000 to 1.1 million new infections reported annually by the World Health Organization. Current antileishmanial treatments are unsatisfactory due to the development of parasitic resistance and the toxicity associated with the drugs used, and this highlights the need for the development of new antileishmanial drugs. In this study, a series of nifuroxazide analogues were synthesized in a single step reaction and investigated for their antileishmanial potential. The sulfonate 1l, bearing pyridine ring, was deemed an antileishmanial hit, targeting the amastigotes of Leishmania (L.) donovani and L. major, the pathogens of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively, with micromolar potencies. The benzyl analogues 2c and 2d were also confirmed as submicromolar active leads against amasti-gotes of L. major. These analogues stand as promising candidates for further investigation involving the evalu-ation of their in vivo activities and molecular targets.