Scaling laws for unmitigated pile driving: Dependence of underwater noise on strike energy, pile diameter, ram weight, and water depth

Sound produced by marine pile driving activities poses a possible risk to marine life. The assessment and mitigation of this risk requires a prediction of the expected sound levels. While different analytical mod-els have been presented to estimate the decay characteristics of pile driving noise, the estimation of the source level still requires the use of numerical modelling in most cases. The paper at hand discusses the possibilities and limits of estimating approximate source or any other levels by scaling laws, using mea-surement data from previous projects. The identified main influencing factors include strike energy of the hammer, pile diameter, ram weight, and water depth. The scaling laws are derived from theoretical con-siderations verified against results of a state-of-the-art finite element model for pile driving noise radi-ation. The found dependencies are then validated against a set of offshore measurement results. It is shown that the obtained scaling laws provide an option to approximately estimate the sound exposure levels of pile driving activities from one site to the other, within practical ranges of accuracy.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).