Direct resource recovery from sewage using a combined system of anaerobic-aerobic biological treatment and food production

A combined system of an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), a down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor, an aquarium tank (AT), and a constructed wetland (CWL) was proposed as a new concept for sewage treatment. The ABR and DHS reactor, AT, and CWL were applied for biological sewage treatment, bioassay, and nutrient removal with food production, respectively. Killifishes and tomatoes were cultivated in the AT and CWL, respectively. In the ABR, 81.3% of total chemical oxygen demand and 76.5% of total biochemical oxygen demand were removed at 5.1 h of the hydraulic retention time (HRT). Most remaining organic matter and 47.1% of ammonia were removed in the DHS reactor. In the CWL, 97.0% of total inorganic nitrogen and 78.6% of phosphate were removed with a 3.87 kg/m(2) of tomatoes producing yield at 4.4 days of the HRT. In addition, anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria Candidatus Scalindua and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria Nitrospira and Nitorosococcus were considered as contributors to nitrogen removal in the CWL. The final effluent's water can be utilized as recycled water by installation of sand filtration and disinfection processes. Therefore, the proposed system can be applied as a low-energy, low-cost sewage treatment system with direct resource recovery.