Electricity-free amplification and visual detection of Cronobacter species in powdered infant formula

Due to the lack of electricity and thermostatic instruments in certain settings for convenient detection of Cronobacter species in powdered infant formula (PIF), a novel investigation was conducted to establish an electricity-free visual detection system for rapid detection of Cronobacter species in PIF. This system included a portable electricity-free heater that could use the exothermic reaction of calcium oxide and water and 3 kinds of phase change materials to supply 3 constant temperatures for immunomagnetic separation, DNA extraction, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Meanwhile, the amplified reaction combined with hydroxynaphthol blue could achieve rapid visual detection. Primers designed based on the 16S-23S ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer were used in loop-mediated isothermal amplification to specifically monitor Cronobacter species, and the detection limit can reach 4.2 x 10(2) cfu/g in PIF by an electricity-free heater in 2 h 30 min. Moreover, 2 h of pre-enrichment was necessary when the level of the PIF samples with Cronobacter spp. was 10(0) cfu/g. The stability of the system was evaluated in ambient temperature at 4 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 37 degrees C. The results suggested that the electricity-free heater can maintain 3 constant temperatures to support different processes. Therefore, this amplification and visual system is applicable for use in many fields for rapid and specific detection of Cronobacter in PIF.