Measurement-Based Nonlinear SPICE-Compatible Photovoltaic Models for Simulating the Effects of Surges and Electromagnetic Interference within Installations

An emerging area of interest within photovoltaic (PV) centred research is the simulation of the propagation of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and surges within PV installations. An overarching constraint in all simulation-based research is the accuracy of the models employed. In general, for PV-focussed simulations, nonlinear models are utilised for direct current (DC) analyses, whilst linearised models are employed for analyses involving surges or conducted electromagnetic interference. For large-signal electromagnetic interference and surges, the following two problems arise: (1) the aforementioned linearisation is only valid for the small-signal case, and (2) as they are constructed using only DC measurements, traditional large-signal PV models are generally only valid for DC conditions. Therefore, neither of these approaches can properly represent real-world PV behaviour under dynamic conditions. To overcome this limitation, this article proposes a more suitable model, compatible with Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE), and which results from the combination of two sub-models: one for large-signal DC cases, and one for small-signal alternating current (AC) cases. Consequently, the combined model enables improved modelling of the effects of large-signal transient perturbations to be performed, as well as cases involving small-signal AC and large-signal DC perturbations. The model parameters are extracted using data from two different classes of measurement setups: the first utilised a vector network analyser (VNA) to produce small-signal AC impedance results (covering a frequency range between 1 Hz and 50 MHz), and the second produces DC current-voltage curves. Both classes of measurement setup consider the device under test at multiple operating points. Key results include: (1) an improved SPICE-compatible PV model which caters for large-signal transient simulations, as well as for small-signal AC and large-signal DC cases, (2) improvements in the modelling of reverse bias behaviour when compared to the standard SPICE diode implementation, (3) the correct implementation of a voltage-dependent total capacitance (suitable for large-signal simulations), (4) modelling parameters for both a small (10 W) and a large (310 W) PV module, (5) measurement results which de-embedded the parasitic effects of the test setups employed, and (6) above 1 MHz, the physical layouts of the cells within the PV modules begin to influence the observed impedances.