Improving the surgery for sigmoid achalasia: long-term results of a technical detail

Objective: Helier myotomy results for the treatment of sigmoid achalasia are worse than those achieved for fusiform achalasia. We retrospectively examined two groups of sigmoid achalasia patients, in which we performed (1) the standard Hetter-Dor procedure (no pulldown) and (2) the Helier-Dor plus a technique apt to obtain the verticality of the oesophageal axis (pull-down). We verified whether the tatter technique improved tong-term results. Materials and methods: We considered 33 patients affected by primitive oesophageal sigmoid achalasia operated upon consecutively (1979-2005). Diagnosis was based on symptoms, manometry, radiology and endoscopy. After 1987, we routinely isolated 360 degrees of the gastro-oesophageal junction and the tower oesophagus and applied U stitches at the right side of the lower oesophagus to pull down and rotate the gastro-oesophageal junction toward the right. Fifteen patients underwent the no pull-down and 18 patients underwent the pull-down technique. Postoperative follow-up included objective clinical and instrumental evaluation (questionnaire filled by a surgeon including the assessment of symptoms and endoscopic reflux oesophagitis according to a semi-quantitative scale) and subjective evaluation (self-evaluation SF-36 questionnaire). Results: The mean follow-up period was 89 months (range 12-261 months). The postoperative dysphagia score was significantly improved in the entire group. Excellent results were present in 12 patients (36.4%), good in 11 (33.3%), fair in 3 (9.1%) and insufficient in 7 patients (21.2%). No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups with regard to the postoperative symptoms and oesophagitis. Postoperative radiological measurements of oesophageal diameter and residual barium column were significantly improved in the whole group and within each group with respect to the radiological variables measured preoperatively (p = 0.000). In the comparison of the two groups, statistically significant differences were observed with regard to mean oesophageal diameter (p = 0.030) (pull-down, 4 +/- 0.9 cm; no pull-down, 4.7 +/- 0.6 cm) and residual barium column (p = 0.048) (pull-down, 6.2 +/- 3.4 cm; no pull-down, 9.6 +/- 5.8 cm). Conclusions: The Hetter-Dor operation is effective in the presence of sigmoid achalasia. The clinical objective and subjective evaluations show a trend toward the improvement of results with the pull-down technique. Stronger statistical significance would probably be obtained from a larger case series.