Effect of Hyperthyroidism Control During Pregnancy on Maternal and Fetal Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Context: Although the overt hyperthyroidism treatment during pregnancy is mandatory, unfortunately, few studies have evaluated the impact of treatment on reducing maternal and fetal outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate whether treatment to control hyperthyroidism manifested during pregnancy can potentially reduce maternal-fetal effects compared with euthyroid pregnancies through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Data Source: MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library Central, LILACS/BIREME until May 2021. Study Selection: Studies that compared, during the gestational period, treated women with hyperthyroidism versus euthyroid women. The following outcomes of this comparison were: pre-eclampsia, abruptio placentae, fetal growth retardation, gestational diabetes, postpartum hemorrhage, low birth weight, stillbirth, spontaneous abortions, premature birth. Data Extraction: Two independent reviewers extracted data and performed quality assessments. Dichotomous data were analyzed by calculating risk differences (DR) with fixed and random effect models according to the level of heterogeneity. Data Synthesis: Seven cohort studies were included. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that there was a lower incidence of preeclampsia (p=0.01), low birth weight (p=0.03), spontaneous abortion (p < 0.00001) and preterm birth (p=0.001) favouring the euthyroid pregnant group when compared to those who treated hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the outcomes: abruptio placentae, fetal growth retardation, gestational diabetes mellitus, postpartum hemorrhage, and stillbirth. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that treating overt hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is mandatory and appears to reduce some potential maternal-fetal complications, despite there still being a residual risk of negative outcomes.