Two New Potential Therapeutic Approaches in Radiation Cystitis Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Extracellular Vesicles and Conditioned Medium

Simple Summary Pelvic radiotherapy is a major therapeutic weapon in the management of pelvic tumors. Despite improvements in radiation techniques, pelvic irradiation is responsible for symptoms that impact the quality of life of our patients. Thus, the incidence of radiation cystitis remains stable over time and the therapeutic possibilities remain limited. Extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) or conditioned medium from human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC-CM) have demonstrated therapeutic potential by promoting tissue repair. We have evaluated their efficacy in preventing fibrosis in a model of radiation cystitis in vitro. Background: Radiation cystitis (RC) results from chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and vascular damage. The urinary symptoms it causes have a serious impact on patients' quality of life. Despite the improvement in irradiation techniques, the incidence of radiation cystitis remains stable over time, and the therapeutic possibilities remain limited. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) appear to offer(2) a promising therapeutic approach by promoting tissue repair through their paracrine action via extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) or conditioned medium from human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC-CM). We assess the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs or MSC-CM in an in vitro model of RC. Methods: in vitro RC was induced by irradiation of human bladder fibroblasts (HUBF) with the small-animal radiation research platform (SARRP). HUBF were induced towards an RC phenotype after 3 x 3.5 Gy irradiation in the presence of either MSC-EVs or MSC-CM, to assess their effect on fibrosis, angiogenesis, and inflammatory markers. Results: Our data revealed in vitro a higher therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs and MSC-CM in prevention of RC. This was confirmed by down-regulation of alpha-SMA and CTGF transcription, and the induction of the secretion of anti-fibrotic cytokines, such as IFN gamma, IL10 and IL27 and the decrease in the secretion of pro-fibrotic cytokines, IGFBP2, IL1 beta, IL6, IL18, PDGF, TNF alpha, and HGF, by irradiated HUBFs, conditioned with MSC-EVs or MSC-CM. The secretome of MSC (MSC-CM) or its subsecretome (MSC-EVs) are proangiogenic, with the ability to induce vessels from HUVEC cells, ensuring the management of bladder vascular lesions induced by irradiation. Conclusion: MSC-EVs and MSC-CM appear to have promising therapeutic potential in the prevention of RC in vitro, by targeting the three main stages of RC: fibrosis, inflammation and vascular damage.