Magnitude and associated factors of contrast induced nephropathy among patients undergoing coronary angiography and interventions at a cardiac referral hospital in Tanzania - a cross-sectional study

Introduction: contrast media are increasingly used in diagnostic and interventional procedures but are also known causes of acute kidney injury - a condition known as contrast induced nephropathy (CIN). We aimed to determine the magnitude and associated factors of CIN among patients undergoing coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention at a cardiac referral hospital in Tanzania. Methods: all adult patients undergoing elective coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention at Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute were consecutively enrolled between August 2017 and January 2018, if they fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Pre-procedure, 24- and 72-hours' post procedure serum creatinine was measured. CIN was defined as increase of >= 25% or absolute increase of >= 44 mu mol/L of serum creatinine within 72 hours following exposure to contrast media. Data analysis were done using SPSS Version 20. P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: in total, 210 (94.6%) out of 222 patients seen during the study period fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were enrolled. Their mean (SD) age was 61.3 (10.9) years and 64.3% were men. Hypertension, diabetes, smoking and alcohol consumption was present in 86.7%, 37.7%, 12.4% and 37.6% respectively. The incidence of CIN was 19% within 72 hours post procedure. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent factors for developing CIN were history of heart failure (aOR=7.34), central obesity (aOR=3.12), triple vessel disease (aOR=10.14) and post procedure stay of >= 3 days (aOR=4.1), all p<0.05. Conclusion: the incidence of CIN found in this population is high (19%) and is associated with heart failure, obesity, multi-vessel disease and longer postprocedure hospital stay.