The Modernization of Russian Statehood: National Outskirts in the Modernization Model of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century (on the Example of Kalmykia)

In the second half of the XIX - early XX century in the process of modernization of Russian statehood, national regions were also included, in particular the Kalmyk steppe (Kalmykia), as part of a multiethnic state. Taking into account the peculiarities of their development, social reforms, reforms of public administration, self-government, administrative-territorial structure and other spheres were singled out into separate, sequential stages in the implementation of the general modernization policy of the Russian state. The preparatory stage and reforms of public administration, administrative-territorial structure and other spheres of Kalmykia dragged on for almost half a century, in fact, until the beginning of the crisis in Russia. This part of the article examines the processes of modernization of the highest level of state administration of the Kalmyk steppe - the Administration of the Kalmyk people. As a result of the centralization of management, it was withdrawn from the provincial department, subordinated directly vertically to the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the status of a state institution of Russia with its own system of subordinate bodies - ulus administrations. Officials of state institutions of Kalmykia were integrated into the unified system of personnel policy of the country in accordance with the Table of Ranks. In accordance with the general trend in the state apparatus of Kalmykia, the number of officials increased, and its state administration was subjected to bureaucratization. The complex of reforms also included the administrative-territorial reorganization of the Kalmyk steppe, which led to the transformation of local self-government of Kalmykia into the general system of the state. There have been no significant changes in the judicial system. The estates of the judiciary of the Kalmyk steppe, in fact, remained in the hands of the executive branch. As a result of the reform of the management of khurul (church) institutions, the highest clerical ranks in status were equated with civil servants and allocated into a separate independent class group.