Inequalities in health: definitions, concepts, and theories

被引:0
作者
Arcaya, Mariana C. [1 ]
Arcaya, Alyssa L. [2 ]
Subramanian, S. V. [1 ]
机构
[1] Boston Univ, Harvard Univ, TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Social & Behav Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA
[2] US EPA, New York, NY USA
关键词
health disparities; inequality; inequity; theory; LIFE EXPECTANCY; SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITIES; SOCIAL DETERMINANTS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EXPLANATION; DISPARITIES; EQUITY; RACE; US; COUNTRIES;
D O I
暂无
中图分类号
R1 [预防医学、卫生学];
学科分类号
1004 ; 120402 ;
摘要
Individuals from different backgrounds, social groups, and countries enjoy different levels of health. This article defines and distinguishes between unavoidable health inequalities and unjust and preventable health inequities. We describe the dimensions along which health inequalities are commonly examined, including across the global population, between countries or states, and within geographies, by socially relevant groupings such as race/ethnicity, gender, education, caste, income, occupation, and more. Different theories attempt to explain group-level differences in health, including psychosocial, material deprivation, health behavior, environmental, and selection explanations. Concepts of relative versus absolute; dose-response versus threshold; composition versus context; place versus space; the life course perspective on health; causal pathways to health; conditional health effects; and group-level versus individual differences are vital in understanding health inequalities. We close by reflecting on what conditions make health inequalities unjust, and to consider the merits of policies that prioritize the elimination of health disparities versus those that focus on raising the overall standard of health in a population.
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页数:12
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