Causal associations of intelligence with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A Mendelian randomization analysis

Background Intelligence is inversely associated with schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD); it remains unclear whether low intelligence is a cause or consequence. We investigated causal associations of intelligence with SCZ or BD risk and a shared risk between SCZ and BD and SCZ-specific risk. Methods To estimate putative causal associations, we performed multi-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Mendelian randomization (MR) using generalized summary-data-based MR (GSMR). Summary-level datasets from five GWASs (intelligence, SCZ vs. control [CON], BD vs. CON, SCZ + BD vs. CON, and SCZ vs. BD; sample sizes of up to 269,867) were utilized. Results A strong bidirectional association between risks for SCZ and BD was observed (odds ratio; ORSCZ -> BD = 1.47, p = 2.89 x 10(-41), ORBD -> SCZ = 1.44, p = 1.85 x 10(-52)). Low intelligence was bidirectionally associated with a high risk for SCZ, with a stronger effect of intelligence on SCZ risk (ORlower intelligence -> SCZ = 1.62, p = 3.23 x 10(-14)) than the reverse (ORSCZ -> lower intelligence = 1.06, p = 3.70 x 10(-23)). Furthermore, low intelligence affected a shared risk between SCZ and BD (OR (lower intelligence -> SCZ + BD) = 1.23, p = 3.41 x 10(-5)) and SCZ-specific risk (ORlower intelligence -> SCZvsBD = 1.64, p = 9.72 x 10(-10)); the shared risk (ORSCZ + BD -> lower intelligence = 1.04, p = 3.09 x 10(-14)) but not SCZ-specific risk (ORSCZvsBD -> lower intelligence = 1.00, p = 0.88) weakly affected low intelligence. Conversely, there was no significant causal association between intelligence and BD risk (p > 0.05). Conclusions These findings support observational studies showing that patients with SCZ display impairment in premorbid intelligence and intelligence decline. Moreover, a shared factor between SCZ and BD might contribute to impairment in premorbid intelligence and intelligence decline but SCZ-specific factors might be affected by impairment in premorbid intelligence. We suggest that patients with these genetic factors should be categorized as having a cognitive disorder SCZ or BD subtype.