Aberrant D1 and D3 dopamine receptor transregulation in hypertension

Dopamine plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure by inhibition of sodium transport in renal proximal tubules (RPTs) and relaxation of vascular smooth muscles. Because dopamine receptors can regulate and interact with each other, we studied the interaction of D-1 and D-3 receptors in immortalized RPT cells and mesenteric arteries from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), and in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMCs). In WKY rats, the D-1-like agonist, fenoldopam, increased D-3 receptor protein in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner (EC50 = 4.5 x 10(-9) M, t(1/2) = 15.8 hours). In SHRs, fenoldopam (10(-5) M) actually decreased the expression of D-3 receptors. D-1 and D-3 receptor co-immunoprecipitation was increased by fenoldopam (10(-7) M/24 h) in WKY rats but not in SHRs. The effects of fenoldopam in CASMCs were similar as those in WKY RPT cells (ie, fenoldopam increased D-1 and D-3 receptor proteins). Both D-3 (PD128907, Emax = 80% +/- 6%, pED(50) = 5 +/- 0.1) and D-1-like receptor (fenoldopam, Emax = 81% +/- 8%, pED(50) = 5 +/- 0.2, n = 12) agonists relaxed mesenteric arterial rings. Co-stimulation of D-1 and D-3 receptors led to additive vasorelaxation in WKY rats, but not in SHRs. D-1 and D-3 receptors interact differently in WKY and SHRs. Altered interactions between D-1 and D-3 receptors may play a role in the pathogenesis of genetic hypertension, including human hypertension, because these receptors also interact in human vascular smooth muscle cells.