Understanding changes made to reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health services in Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study

COVID-19 mitigation measures have disrupted the provision of essential health services. The goal of this study was to understand changes in reproductive, maternal, neonatal, and child health (RMNCH) services during the pandemic in Pakistan. We conducted a qualitative study in November and December 2020 consisting of telephone in-depth interviews with women, healthcare providers, and community stakeholders. Interviews were analysed using a thematic, iterative approach. All health facilities had changed their routine procedures, including adjustments in service delivery time and staff hours to reduce crowding, and maintain standard operating procedures (SOPs) such as social distancing. Women highlighted stockouts and lack of supplies as key barriers to care-seeking. Stockouts and crowding led to shifts in care-seeking away from public to private facilities. RMNCH service utilisation declined first due to restrictions during the lockdown, then due to fear of contracting COVID-19 at healthcare facilities. This study provides important insights into RMNCH services during the COVID-19 pandemic from care-seekers' and care-providers' perspectives. The findings of this study were used to develop interventions to address access to RMNCH care during the COVID-19 pandemic.