Degradation processes and adaptive strategies in communal forests of Argentine dry Chaco. Integrating stakeholder knowledge and perceptions

Forest replacement and degradation driven by crop expansion and livestock intensification are some of the main global socio-ecological threats, severely affecting the dry Chaco region (main dry forest in America). By involving stakeholders, whose actions are decisive in dealing with the problem under analysis, we assessed the interactions among processes of multiple dimensions and spatial scales, currently controlling communal forest degradation in 11 peasant communities of Taboada, Ibarra and Salavina departments, in Santiago del Estero province, Argentina. Then, by reconstructing historical processes undergone by these communities over the last century, we analyzed how different system settings have conducted to the system collapse (forests and community loss) or strengthened its adaptive capacity facing natural disturbances (droughts) and anthropogenic stressors (economic shocks, land disputes). This work unveils system attributes related to native resource management and economic diversification on the farm, family and community structure, and social networking with peasant organizations and other institutions, crucial for building social-ecological resilience. Alternative trajectories are shown towards degradation (throughout a downward spiral, often followed by peasant exodus and deforestation) or restoration. Our results would explain why forest (protection) law and state subsidies aimed at sustainable management have been insufficient and suggest some clues to reorient them.