Activated Factor X Induces Endothelial Cell Senescence Through IGFBP-5

Uncontrolled coagulation contributes to the pathophysiology of several chronic inflammatory diseases. In these conditions, senescent cells are often observed and is involved in the generation of inflammation. The coincidence of hyper-coagulation, cell senescence, and inflammation suggests the existence of a common underlying mechanism. Recent evidence indicates that activated coagulation factor X (FXa) plays a role in the processes beyond blood coagulation. This non-hematologic function entails the mediation of inflammation and tissue remodeling. We therefore tested the hypothesis that FXa induces cell senescence resulting in tissue inflammation and impaired tissue regeneration. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were stimulated with FXa for 14 days. The proliferation of cells treated with FXa was significantly smaller, and the fraction of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase-positive cells was increased as compared to the control group. RT-qPCR array revealed that FXa increased the expression of IGFBP-5, EGR-1, p53, and p16(INK4a). Inhibition of FXa by a direct FXa inhibitor, rivaroxaban, or IGFBP-5 by siRNA decreased FXa-induced cell senescence, restoring cell proliferation. Moreover, in an ischemic hind limb mouse model, FXa inhibited neovascularization by endothelial progenitor cell. However, rivaroxaban significantly restored FXa-induced impaired angiogenesis. In summary, FXa induced endothelial cell senescence through IGFBP-5, resulting in impaired angiogenesis.