Fondaparinux-Associated Rectus Sheath Hematoma: Skating on Thin Ice

Rectus sheath hematoma (RSH), an exceptionally rare clinical entity, results from the rupture of epigastric arteries or tear of the rectus abdominis muscle itself. Spontaneous RSH represents a potentially life-threatening bleeding complication in anticoagulated patients with distinct characteristics. The non-specific nature of RSH clinical manifestations renders RSH a kaleidoscopic disease that may be misdiagnosed. The widespread use of anticoagulants for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis or therapy is among the most commonly documented risk factors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a fondaparinux-associated giant RSH in a 58-year-old Caucasian man who presented with severe pain at the right abdominal quadrant accompanied with a large ecchymosis secondary to violent cough due to a respiratory infection. The aim of our study is to broaden current knowledge regarding the predisposing factors, the pathophysiological mechanisms, and the management of this bleeding disorder.