IR spectroscopy of small and weakly interacting molecular probes for acidic and basic zeolites

The application of small and weakly interacting probe molecules for the characterization of acidic and basic properties by FTIR spectroscopy is exemplified by using H- and alkali cation-exchanged zeolites as typical solid Bronsted and Lewis acids and Lewis bases. Criteria for the selection of probe molecules are given. Bronsted acidity can be characterized by the H-bonding method when CO and N(2) are used as molecular probes. Quantum chemical calculations are shown to provide important additional information on the electronic nature of the adsorption interaction and the vibrational behaviour of the probe molecule. Lewis acidity dominates in cation-exchanged zeolites for small cations (Li(+), Na(+)) whereas basic properties develop with increasing cation radius. CO, CO(2), N(2) and CH(4) interact with cation centers, the interaction energy decreasing with increasing cation radius. CO at very low equilibrium pressures permits a siting of Na(+), and the Al distribution in six-rings (S(n)-sites) can be probed. CH(4) interacts with cations in the M(+)... H(3)CH configuration having C(3v) symmetry. CH-acids such as Cl(3)CH(D), acetylene and methylacetylene, are shown to be potentially suitable probe molecules for basic properties using the H-bonding method. All three molecules undergo O(z)(2-)... H--CH-bonding and the induced red-shift of the C-H stretching frequency permits a ranking of the base strength of a given series of materials.