Pentadactyl Ground State of the Manus of Alligator mississippiensis and Insights into the Evolution of Digital Reduction in Archosauria

被引:16
作者
Larsson, Hans C. E. [1 ]
Heppleston, Audrey C. [1 ]
Elsey, Ruth M. [2 ]
机构
[1] McGill Univ, Redpath Museum, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada
[2] Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Grand Chenier, LA USA
基金
加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会;
关键词
HOX GENES; DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRAINTS; ORIGIN; BIRDS; HOMOLOGY; IDENTITY; PATTERN; TRANSFORMATION; ANATOMY; MAMMALS;
D O I
10.1002/jez.b.21362
中图分类号
Q [生物科学];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
The three-fingered state of the avian manus poses intriguing questions about the evolution of digit reduction. Although digit reduction in most tetrapods appears to be the product of straightforward digit loss, avian digit reduction may have occurred with a dissociation of digit position from digit identity. The three digits of birds have the ancestral identities of I, II, and Ill but develop from an early pentadactyl ground state from digital anlage 2, 3, and 4. A series of hypotheses have been proposed in an attempt to explain this disparity, including a recent suggestion that the anteriormost condensation visible in the avian limb bud is in fact a vestigial structure from a hexadactyl ancestral ground state. We investigated this proposal by presenting sets of compatible evolutionary developmental trajectories starting from a hexadactyl state to test hypotheses of digit reduction. The development of skeletogenic mesenchymal condensations in a crocodylian, the closest extant relative to birds, is used to identify any extra precartiloginous digital vestiges. A developmental series of Alligator mississippiensis forelimb buds reveal only five digital anlagen, supports a pentadactyl ground state for the archosaurian manus, and rejects portions of the evolutionary developmental trajectories proposed. This condition lends further support to the contribution of a homeotic transformation during digit reduction in avian ancestry to account for the dissociation between digital identity and developmental position. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 3148:571-579, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
引用
收藏
页码:571 / 579
页数:9
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