Strong-Field Ionization and Dissociation Studies on Small Early Transition Metal Carbide Clusters via Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

In this work, we report experimental results from the strong-field ionization and subsequent Coulomb explosion of narrow distributions of small (<40 atoms) heteronuclear clusters composed of transition metal (Ti, V, Cr, Nb, or Ta) and carbon atoms. Analysis of the resulting multiply charged ions was performed through time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and evidence regarding ionization dynamics was obtained. The data reveal the presence of enhanced ionization during exposure to the ultrashort (similar to 100 fs) pulse resulting in the formation of ions possessing significantly higher charge states than those predicted from atomic species. Regardless of the transition metal species, we observe the absorption of similar amounts of energy from the external field, as indicated by the maximum observed charge states in each experiment. These results are compared to our previously reported study on the strong-field ionization of transition metal oxide clusters. We observe identical maximum observable charge states for each of the transition metal carbide clusters.