Polarella glacialis, gen. nov., sp. nov. (Dinophyceae):: Suessiaceae are still alive!

The culture CCMP 1383, obtained from sea-ice brine collected in McMurdo Sound (Ross Sea, Antarctica), is a small gymnodinioid dinoflagellate, This species is very abundant in the upper land-fast sea ice, where it can both grow and overwinter as a spiny encysted stage. The motile vegetative stage and the cyst produced in the culture were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron micrscopy (TEM), The amphiesma of the vegetative cells is constituted by thin vesicles that are organized into nine latitudinal series of plates: three in the epitheca, two in the cingulum, and four in the hypotheca, The same tabulation is reflected in the cyst wall by acicular processes arising from the center of paraplates, with the exception of the paracingulum, in which acicular processess are absent, On the basis of the peculiar plate pattern of this dinoflagellate, we establish the new genus Polarella and the new species Polarella glacialis (family Suessiaceae, order Suessiales), This species has a remarkable similarity with fossil Suessiaceae cysts dating back to the Triassic and Jurassic and represents, up to now, the only extant member of the subfamily Suessiaceae, Phylogenetic analysis based on the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene confirmed the placement of this species in the order Suessiales and its close relationship with the genus Symbiodinium Freudenthal.