Stars: carbon;
stars: evolution;
stars: circumstellar matter;
galaxies: magellanic clouds;
ASYMPTOTIC GIANT BRANCH;
R-CORONAE-BOREALIS;
LARGE-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD;
LONG-PERIOD VARIABLES;
AGE GLOBULAR-CLUSTERS;
LOCAL GROUP GALAXIES;
FLUX-LIMITED SAMPLE;
MASS-LOSS RATES;
NEAR-INFRARED IDENTIFICATION;
HYDROGEN-DEFICIENT CARBON;
D O I:
10.1007/s12036-010-0017-6
中图分类号:
P1 [天文学];
学科分类号:
0704 ;
摘要:
In this paper, the present state of knowledge of the carbon stars is discussed. Particular attention is given to issues of classification, evolution, variability, populations in our own and other galaxies, and circumstellar material.