Sleep difficulties in infants at risk for developmental delays: A longitudinal study

Objectives We compared the sleep of infants at risk for neuromotor delays to that of infants without such risks, and examined the predictive validity of risk indicators to the development of sleep problems. Methods Conveniently recruited infants (n = 142) were assessed for neuromotor achievements and sleep behaviors at 46 months and 10-12 months of age. Assessment tools were the Harris Infant Neuromotor Test and Morrells Infant Sleep Questionnaire. Based on a cumulative risk index, three groups were defined: higher risk (n = 28), lower risk (n = 42), and no risk (n = 72). Results At both ages, the sleep scores were similar among the groups. In the no risk and lower risk group, sleep difficulties decreased with age, while for infants in the higher risk group, more difficulties were reported over time. Overall, the neuromotor attainments were not related to sleep fragmentation or settling difficulties. Conclusions In a diverse sample of infants, with and without risks for developmental delays, overall, sleep patterns were similar. It appears that the neuromotor achievements are not associated with sleep-wake regulation, as measured by caregivers report.