AU-inspired Deep Networks for Facial Expression Feature Learning

Most existing technologies for facial expression recognition utilize off-the-shelf feature extraction methods for classification. In this paper, aiming at learning better features specific for expression representation, we propose to construct a deep architecture, AU-inspired Deep Networks (AUDN), inspired by the psychological theory that expressions can be decomposed into multiple facial Action Units (AUs). To fully exploit this inspiration but avoid detecting AUs, we propose to automatically learn: (1) informative local appearance variation; (2) optimal way to combining local variation and (3) high level representation for final expression recognition. Accordingly, the proposed AUDN is composed of three sequential modules. Firstly, we build a convolutional layer and a max-pooling layer to learn the Micro-Action-Pattern (MAP) representation, which can explicitly depict local appearance variations caused by facial expressions. Secondly, feature grouping is applied to simulate larger receptive fields by combining correlated MAPs adaptively, aiming to generate more abstract mid-level semantics. Finally, a multi-layer learning process is employed in each receptive field respectively to construct group-wise sub-networks for higher-level representations. Experiments on three expression databases CK+, MMI and SFEW demonstrate that, by simply applying linear classifiers on the learned features, our method can achieve state-of-the-art results on all the databases, which validates the effectiveness of AUDN in both lab-controlled and wild environments. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.